As had been anticipated, the year 2025 was characterized, until its very last day, by an unprecedented intensity of political, diplomatic, and military events across all fields, directions, and continents, with generally negative impacts on international relations.
These impacts will continue to be the subject of further diplomatic efforts in 2026, with many unexpected and unpredictable consequences.
The Council of Albanian Ambassadors (CAA) has closely and continuously followed these developments in all forms and formats, through numerous meetings with foreign ambassadors in Tirana, as well as through various commemorative, historical, and cultural activities, among others.
On this basis, the Council of Albanian Ambassadors has prepared and made public relevant statements containing assessments, observations, suggestions, and recommendations aimed at strengthening the role and impact of Albanian diplomacy.
The positions of the Council of Albanian Ambassadors have been positively received by foreign diplomatic missions, public opinion, and the media in Albania, as well as by our counterparts and colleagues in the United States, Italy, North Macedonia, Kosovo, and elsewhere.
Many members of CAA and its main leadership figures have frequently appeared in print media, television, and social networks. As a result, our ideas and positions have become a reliable point of reference regarding geopolitical events and developments worldwide, in the region, and in our country.
From a more practical perspective, it is worth highlighting the successful organization and leadership of two seminars held in January and February in Skopje and Golem, within the framework of the project on “Strengthening dialogue with civil society to expand cooperation and communication in the Western Balkans region.”
As previously communicated in detail, the implementation of this project carried out in close cooperation with the Council of Ambassadors of North Macedonia and with the active contribution of 10 members of the Council and its governing Board, was positively evaluated by the Western Balkans Fund and the European Union.
It should also be noted that the Council of Albanian Ambassadors (CAA), through an official letter addressed to the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs and the relevant parliamentary commission, as well as through public statements by several of its members in the media, expressed constructive and well-founded observations regarding the new Draft Law on the Foreign Service currently being prepared by the Ministry for submission to the Albanian Parliament.
Below, we focus on some of the key issues and main conclusions emerging from the diplomatic developments of 2025, accompanied, where appropriate, by perspectives, practical suggestions, and geopolitical forecasts for 2026.
Chapter I
Trump II Presidency and the New U.S. National Security Strategy
During 2025, the new U.S. Administration under President Donald Trump was at the center of international public and diplomatic attention. This was due not only to the role of the United States as a key actor in the international system, but also to the new strategic orientations announced during the first months of the second presidential term.
A key development was the announcement, on December 5, 2025, of the new U.S. National Security Strategy. This document outlines the U.S. approach to global security challenges, relations with allies and other international actors, and its role within the existing world order.
The Strategy presents notable differences compared to previous U.S. strategic documents, including the 2017 Strategy. It reflects a stronger emphasis on national interests and a more pragmatic approach to multilateral engagements.
The document was received with significant attention and broad discussion among allied countries, particularly within the European Union and NATO. Several European countries and institutions expressed the need to reflect on the implications of this strategy for transatlantic relations and the European security architecture.
The new Strategy emphasizes a more balanced sharing of responsibilities among partners and prioritizes economic and trade cooperation as part of international relations. It also signals a reassessment of the U.S. role in certain multilateral mechanisms and international organizations.
Within U.S. political and academic circles, differing assessments have been expressed. Some analysts emphasize that, despite changes in approach, cooperation with allies remains essential for addressing global challenges, especially in relation to other major powers.
In this context, the new U.S. National Security Strategy has been widely interpreted as an encouragement for international partners, particularly the European Union, to increase their capacities and responsibilities in the fields of security and defense.
In conclusion, developments in 2025 related to the Trump II Presidency and the new National Security Strategy represent a significant element in the debate on the future of transatlantic relations and the international order, debates that are expected to continue throughout 2026.
Chapter II
Diplomatic Efforts for Peace in Ukraine
Throughout 2025, the conflict in Ukraine remained one of the most complex and concerning issues on the international geopolitical stage. For the 46th consecutive month, fighting and tensions continued, accompanied by significant humanitarian, political, and security consequences for the region and for the international order as a whole.
During the year, a series of diplomatic efforts were undertaken with the aim of achieving a ceasefire and creating conditions for a peace process. These efforts included initiatives by the United States, the European Union, and other international actors, as well as frequent consultations with Ukrainian authorities and the Russian side.
On the military front, the situation on the ground remained complicated.
Russia continued to control a considerable portion of Ukrainian territory, including Crimea and other strategic areas, while Ukraine largely remained in defensive positions, aiming to preserve its territorial integrity and strengthen its defensive capabilities.
The U.S. administration also played an important role in peace efforts. During 2025, several high-level meetings and diplomatic initiatives were recorded, aimed at establishing a general framework for ceasefire and negotiations. However, these initiatives faced numerous difficulties due to differing positions of the parties and the lack of consensus on fundamental issues of security and sovereignty.
The European Union continued to play an active diplomatic role, emphasizing the need for a sustainable and internationally acceptable solution in line with international law. Summits and high-level meetings were held throughout the year, focusing on coordination of positions and political and economic support for Ukraine.
Despite extensive diplomatic efforts, no final peace agreement was reached by the end of 2025. Prospects for 2026 remain closely linked to the progress of negotiations, developments on the ground and the political will of the involved parties to find a sustainable solution.
In this context, Ukraine remains a key element in international discussions on European security and the future architecture of peace on the continent. Further developments are expected to require continued diplomatic engagement and close coordination among international actors during 2026.
Chapter III
Rearmament and the Growing Role of NATO in European Security
During 2025, European security and NATO’s role were marked by significant structural and political developments, in the context of an international environment burdened with security challenges. The escalation of the conflict in Ukraine and tensions in other regions increased attention to the Alliance’s defensive capabilities and collective readiness.
In this context, NATO member states and the European Union took steps to strengthen military capacities and increase defense investments. Strategic discussions focused on the need for gradual increases in defense spending, modernization of military infrastructure, and improved coordination among allies.
NATO summits in 2025 served as platforms for addressing these issues, reaffirming the principle of collective defense and the importance of transatlantic cooperation. At the same time, the growing role of European countries in assuming greater responsibility for the continent’s security was emphasized.
In parallel, the European Union advanced initiatives to strengthen its defense dimension, in coordination with NATO. These initiatives aimed to enhance European strategic autonomy without undermining NATO’s central role in the Euro-Atlantic security architecture.
Despite these developments, debates on actual capabilities, the pace of rearmament, and the balance of responsibilities between the U.S. and Europe remained present. Analysts and institutions emphasized the need for coordinated and long-term approaches to ensure that undertaken efforts translate into sustainable security improvements.
Looking ahead, 2026 is expected to be decisive for concretizing these strategic orientations. NATO’s role and its cooperation with the European Union will remain key elements for ensuring stability and security in Europe.
Chapter IV
The European Political Community
During 2025, the European Political Community (EPC) continued to function as a dialogue forum among European countries and their partners, aimed at exchanging views on key political, security, and cooperation challenges on the continent.
The EPC Summit held in Tirana on May 16, 2025, represented a significant diplomatic event for Albania and a meaningful moment in the agenda of this format. It provided a platform for high-level meetings and discussions on issues of common European interest.
The EPC is characterized by a flexible and consultative approach, without permanent institutional structures or binding decision-making mechanisms. Discussions mainly take place through thematic roundtables and open exchanges among leaders.
During 2025, the main topics addressed within the EPC framework included European security, regional stability, energy, migration, and economic challenges. The summits served as spaces for political coordination and confidence-building among participating countries.
At the same time, European political and analytical circles expressed differing assessments of the role and future of this format. Some view the EPC as an additional dialogue instrument, while others emphasize the need for greater clarity regarding its long-term functions and objectives.
Looking ahead, the future of the European Political Community is expected to depend on its ability to complement existing European mechanisms and contribute constructively to addressing shared continental challenges.
Chapter V
Opportunities and Conditions for Peace in the Middle East
During 2025, the situation in the Middle East remained among the most complex on the international stage, despite ongoing diplomatic efforts to reduce tensions and achieve temporary ceasefires in several conflict hotspots.
The achievement of a ceasefire between Israel and Hamas during 2025 created expectations for gradual stabilization, although developments on the ground showed that the peace process remains fragile and influenced by numerous regional and international factors.
In this context, the role of the United States was important in mediating dialogue and supporting diplomatic initiatives. At the same time, other countries and international organizations, including the European Union and the United Nations, continued efforts to promote political and humanitarian solutions.
The situation was also affected by broader regional dynamics, including relations among Iran, Israel, and Arab countries, as well as developments in Syria and Lebanon. These factors continued to shape the prospects for sustainable peace in the region.
The Palestinian issue remained a central element of international discussions on the Middle East. Support for a two-state solution was reaffirmed by a number of international actors, although the path toward its realization continues to face political and practical challenges.
Looking ahead, developments in the Middle East during 2026 are expected to depend on the continuity of diplomatic dialogue, the engagement of key regional and international actors, and the ability to address the root causes of conflicts and the humanitarian needs of affected populations.
Chapter VI
International Trade and Tariff Policies
During 2025, international trade policies returned to the center of attention due to new developments in customs tariffs and protective measures applied by several major economies.
The imposition and revision of trade tariffs by the United States affected economic relations with various partners, including the European Union, China, and other countries. These measures were accompanied by reactions and countermeasures, fueling discussions about the future of free trade and the balance between protectionism and market openness.
In this context, international organizations and financial institutions emphasized the importance of maintaining stability in the global trading system and predictability in international economic relations. Dialogue and negotiations were highlighted as key instruments for managing trade disputes.
During 2025, efforts were also made to reach temporary agreements and postpone certain tariff measures, particularly in U.S.–China relations. These developments contributed to a temporary easing of trade tensions.
Meanwhile, debates on the impact of tariff policies on economic growth, inflation, and supply chains remained prominent in economic and political circles. Various analyses emphasized the need for balanced approaches that consider both national interests and effects on the global economy.
Looking ahead, 2026 is expected to be characterized by continued efforts to stabilize international trade relations and strengthen multilateral mechanisms, with the aim of supporting economic growth and reducing global uncertainty.
Chapter VII
The Chinese Challenge and BRICS Dynamics
During 2025, the role of China and the BRICS grouping continued to gain weight on the international stage, reflecting gradual shifts toward a more multipolar order. These developments were accompanied by increased economic, political, and diplomatic influence of these actors in global affairs.
China continued to strengthen its economic and technological position, taking steps to reduce strategic dependencies and expand cooperation with countries in Latin America. Its policies focused on industrial development, technological innovation, and securing critical resources.
At the same time, the BRICS grouping engaged in deepening cooperation among member countries and expanding its role in the global economy. Discussions focused on issues such as the use of national currencies in trade, reform of international financial institutions, and political coordination in global forums.
These developments were closely monitored by the United States and the European Union, which assessed their implications for global economic and political stability. Strategic debates focused on maintaining competitiveness, diversifying supply chains, and strengthening cooperation with reliable partners.
Despite differences in approaches and interests, interaction between China, BRICS, and Western actors continued within multilateral dialogue frameworks. This reflected the need to manage competition sustainably and avoid escalation of tensions.
Looking ahead, 2026 is expected to be marked by the continuation of these dynamics, with direct impacts on the international economic and political architecture and on emerging global power balances.
Chapter VIII
Conditions and Dynamics in the Western Balkans
During 2025, the Western Balkans continued to face familiar political, economic, and security challenges, while maintaining a strategic orientation toward European integration and regional cooperation.
EU integration processes remained a priority for countries in the region, with varying rates of progress depending on domestic reforms and national political dynamics. Political dialogue and institutional reforms continued to be key elements for advancing these processes.
Relations among regional countries were generally stable, although occasionally accompanied by political and historical tensions. Dialogue and international mediation continued to play an important role in managing these issues.
The situation in Bosnia and Herzegovina and political developments in Serbia were closely monitored by international actors due to their implications for regional stability. At the same time, dialogue between Belgrade and Pristina remained a central element of the international agenda for the Western Balkans.
Regional cooperation was supported through various multilateral initiatives and economic and infrastructure projects aimed at increasing connectivity and regional economic development.
Looking ahead, 2026 is expected to require continued political and diplomatic engagement from both regional countries and international partners to maintain stability, advance reforms, and strengthen the European perspective of the Western Balkans.
The Expected Role of Albania, Kosova, and the Perspective of Albanians in the Region
In the context of the geopolitical developments of 2025 and the outlook for 2026, Albania is expected to continue playing a constructive and responsible role in the region and beyond, in line with its Euro-Atlantic strategic orientation. As a NATO member and EU candidate country, Albania remains committed to strengthening stability, security, and multilateral cooperation.
In this framework, Kosova represents a key element of stability and security in the Western Balkans. Its Euro-Atlantic perspective and efforts to consolidate democratic institutions remain closely linked to international support and the continuation of political dialogue, in accordance with principles of international law.
Kosova’s role in regional processes is expected to strengthen through constructive engagement and cooperation with strategic partners.
Albania and Kosova, in coordination with international partners, are expected to contribute to promoting dialogue, good neighborly relations, and regional cooperation. This engagement is of particular importance for creating a sustainable political and security environment that supports the European perspective of the entire region.
More broadly, the perspective of Albanians in the region remains linked to respect for human rights, equality before the law, and active participation in the political, economic, and social life of the countries in which they live. Improving the position of Albanian communities in the region is expected to contribute positively to long-term stability and the strengthening of interethnic coexistence.
At the international level, Albania and Kosova are expected to continue their engagement in multilateral organizations and forums, supporting a rules-based international order and the peaceful resolution of disputes. Strengthening institutional capacities, continuing reforms, fighting corruption, upholding the rule of law, and close cooperation with strategic partners are expected to be decisive factors for advancing shared objectives during 2026 and beyond.
